Senin, 25 September 2017

Profesi Akuntansi dan Tugasnya

A. Pengertian Profesi Akuntansi
Istilah profesi berasal dari bahasa yunani, professues berarti suatu kegiatan atau pekerjaan yang dihubungkan dengan sumpah atau janji yang bersifat religious, sehingga ada ikatan batin bagi seseorang yang memiliki profesi tersebut untuk tidak melanggar dan memelihara kesucian profesinya.

Menurut International Federation of Accountants (dalam Regar, 2003) yang dimaksud dengan profesi akuntan adalah semua bidang pekerjaan yang mempergunakan keahlian dibidang akuntansi, termasuk bidang pekerjaan akuntan publik, akuntan intern yang bekerja pada perusahaan industri, keuangan, atau dagang, akuntan yang bekerja di bidang pemerintah, dan akuntan sebagai pendidik. Dalam arti sempit, profesi akuntan adalah lingkup pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh akuntan sebagai akuntan publik yang lazimnya teerdiri dari pekerjaan audit, akuntansi, pajak dan konsultan manajemen.

B. Ciri-Ciri Profesi
Profesi akuntan biasanya dianggap sebagai salah satu bidang profesi seperti organisasi lainnya, misalnya Ikatan Dokter Indonesia (IDI). Agar dikatakan profesi maka, seseorang harus memiliki beberapa syarat sehingga masyarakat sebagai objek dan sebagai pihak yang memerlukan profesi, mempercayai hasil kerjanya.

Berikut ciri profesi menurut Harahap (1991) adalah sebagai berikut :
a. Memiliki bidang ilmu yang ditekuninya yaitu yang merupakan pedoman dalam melaksanakan keprofesiannya.
b. Memiliki kode etik sebagai pedoman yang mengatur tingkah laku anggotanya dalam profesi tersebut.
c. Berhimpun dalam satu organsisasi resmi yang diakui oleh masyarakat/pemerintah.
d. Keahliannya dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat.
e. Bekerja bukan dengan motif komersil tetapi didasarkan kepada fungsinya sebagai kepercayaan masyarakat.

Menurut Kholis (2002) dalam Lisnasari dan Fitriany (2008) menyebutkan cirri-ciri dari sebuah profesi yaitu :
a. Memiliki pengetahuan yang seragam ( common body of knowledge) yang diperoleh dari proses pendidikan yang teratur dan dibuktikan dengan tanda lulus (ijazah) yang memberikan hak untuk melakukan suatu pekerjaan.
b. Pengakuan masyarakat atau pemerintah mengenai kewenangan untuk memberikan jasanya kepada kalayak ramai karena keahliannya yang merupakan monopoli profesi untuk memberikan jasa dibidang tertentu.
c. Suatu wadah kumpuulan dari anggota berupa organisasi profesi untuk mengatur anggotanya serta dilengkapi dengan kode etik.
d. Mengutamakan dan mendahului pelayanan diatas imbalan jasa, tetapi tidak brarti bahwa jasanya diberikan tanpa imbalan. Cara ini yang membedakannya dengan kegiatan usaha.

Profesi akuntansi pada umumnya dapat dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu profesi akuntan publik dan profesi non akuntan publik. Akuntan publik atau auditor adalah akuntan yang bekerja di kantor akuntan publik. Sedangkan profesi non akuntan publik yang terdiri dari akuntan perusahaan, akuntan pemerintah, dan akuntan pendidik.

C. Profesi dan Bidang-Bidang Akuntansi
a. Akuntan Publik
Menurut Mulyadi (1992;27) mendefinisikan Akuntan Publik sebagai berikut: "Akuntan profesional yang menjual jasanya kepada masyarakat, terutama bidang pemeriksaan terhadap laporan keuanan yang dibuat oleh kliennya. Pemeriksaan tersebut terutama ditujukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan para kreditor, investor, calon kreditor, calon investor, dan instansi pemerintah ( terutama instansi pajak). Disamping itu akuntan publik juga menjual jasa lain kepada masyarakat seperti, konsultasi pajak, konsultasi bidang manajemen, penyusun sistem akuntansi, dan penyusun laporan keuangan.

b. Akuntan Intern
Akuntan intern adalah akuntan yang bekerja dalam suatu perusahaan atau organisasi. Akuntan intern ini disebut juga akuntan perusahaan atau akuntan manajemen. Jabatan tersebut yang dapat diduduki mulai dari Staf biasa sampai dengan Kepala Bagian Akuntansi atau Direktur Keuangan. Tugas mereka adalah menyusun sistem akuntansi, menyusun laporan keuangan kepada pihak-pihak eksternal, menyusun laporan keuangan kepada pemimpin perusahaan, menyusun anggaran, penanganan masalah perpajakan dan pemeriksaan intern.

c. Akuntan Pemerintah
Akuntan pemerintah adalah akuntan yang bekerja pada lembaga-lembaga pemerintah, misalnya di kantor Badan Pengawas Keuangan dan Pembangunan (BPKP), Badan Pengawas Keuangan (BPK).

d. Akuntan Pendidik
Akuntan pendidik adalah akuntan yang pekerjaan utamanya mengajar pada perguruan tinggi atau disebut dosen. Dalam melaksanakan tugasnya berpedoman pada Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi, yaitu pengajaran, penelitian, dan pengabdian pada masyarakat. Pengajaran merupakan tugas utama seorang pendidik, pengajaran dilakukan dengan tatap muka di kelas. Proses pengajaran diharapkan menjadi sarana untuk mentransfer ilmu pengetahuan dari pendidik kepada anak didiknya. Tugas penelitian juga merupakan tugas bagi seorang akuntan pendidik, sehingga disamping melakukan pekerjaan mengajar, seorang akuntan pendidik juga dituntut untuk mampu melakukan penelitian sebagai sarana untuk menerapkan ilmu dalam praktek yang sesungguhnya. Selain dua tugas itu seorang akuntan pendidik juga harus mampu melaksanakan pengabdian pada masyarakat. Hal tersebut dimaksudkan agar seorang pendidik tidak hanya berkomunikasi dengan bidang ilmunya sendiri, namun juga harus mampu berkomunikasi dengan masyarakat luas, yang merupakan pihak yang tidak mungkin tidak mengenal disiplin ilmu si pendidik.

Pendidikan Profesi Akuntansi (PPA) merupakan pendidikan pada pendidikan sekolah setelah program Sarjana Ekonomi pada program studi akuntansi (Syiam, 1999). Penyelengaraan Pendidikan Profesi Akuntansi (PPA) di Indonesia diatur melalui SK Mendiknas no. 180/P/2001 (Brodjonegoro, 2003) yang bertujuan untuk menghasilkan lulusan yang menguasai keahlian di bidang profesi akuntansi dan memberikan kompensasi keprofesian akuntansi. Mahasiswa yang telah lulus Pendidikan Profesi Akuntansi (PPA) Berhak mendapat gelar (PPA).

d. Akuntan yang Bekerja di Luar Bidang Akuntansi
akuntan membuka usaha sendiri, akuntan yang bekerja di pemerintahan tetapi tidak dalam bidang akuntansi dan sebagainya.

Bidang-bidang akuntansi dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu:
a. Akuntan Publik
· Pemeriksaan laporan keuangan (auditing) adalah bidang pekerjaan profesi akuntansi utama yang diberikan kepada publik (umum). Pemeriksaan laporan keuangan adalah pemeriksaan secara independen untuk menilai kewajaran laporan keuangan yang disusun manajemen bagi para investor, kreditur dan pihak luar lainnya. Hasil pemeriksaan akuntan publik dituangkan dalam sebuah laporan yang disebut laporan hasil pemeriksaan akuntan.

· Akuntansi Perpajakan Menurut Subekti, (2012: 1) menyatakan bahwa akuntansi perpajakan adalah suatu seni dalam mencatat, menggolongkan, mengihtisarkan serta menafsirkan transaksi finansial yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan dan bertujuan untuk menentukan jumlah penghasilan kena pajak (penghasilan yang digunakan sebagai dasar penetapan beban dan pajak penghasilan yang terutang) yang diperoleh atau diterima dalam suatu tahun pajak untuk dipakai sebagai dasar penetapan beban dan/atau pajak penghasilan yang terutang oleh perusahaan sebagai wajib pajak.

· Akuntansi manajemen menurut Samryn (2012:4) bahwa akuntansi manajemen merupakan bidang akuntansi yang berfokus pada penyediaan, termasuk pengembangan dan penafsiran informasi akuntansi bagi para manajer untuk digunakan sebagai bahan perencanaan, pengendalian operasi dan dalam pengambilan keputusan.

b. Akuntansi Intern
· Akuntan Umum bertanggungjawab dalam hal pencatatan transaksi keuangan, penyusunan laporan manajemen dan laporan keuangan umum (neraca, rugi-laba, perubahan modal, aliran kas). Akuntansi umum biasanya menghasilkan data dasar (basic data) untuk keperluan fungsi akuntansi.

· Akuntansi biaya menganalisis biaya perusahaan untuk membantu manajemen dalam pengawasan biaya. Biasanya dalam akuntansi biaya ditekankan pada biaya produksi, tetapi akhir-akhir ini penekanan atas biaya pemasaran semakin meningkat.

· Peranggaran menetapkan sasaran penjualan dan laba, serta perencanaan yang rinci untuk mencapai sasaran tersebut. Penyusunan anggaran selalu memperhatikan data masa lalu yang dilaporkan dalam laporan akuntansi. Anggaran digunakan untuk mengawasi jalannya operasi perusahaan melalui perbandingan antara data sesungguhnya dengan anggaran.

· Perancangan sistem informasi mengidentifikasikan kebutuhan informasi untuk kepentingan intern maupun ekstern. Setelah kebutuhan informasi diketahui, selanjutnya dirancang dan dikembangkan sistem yang sesuai. Sistem informasi akuntansi sangat membantu dalam mengawasi jalannya operasi suatu perusahaan.

· Pemeriksaan Intern adalah pemeriksaan yang dilakukan oleh akuntan intern perusahaan. Perusahaan-perusahaan besar umumnya memiliki staf pemeriksaan intern. Para akuntan intern bertugas mengevaluasi sistem akuntansi dan manajemen. Tugas pokoknya adalah 1) membantu pihak manajemen dalam memperbaiki efesiensi operasi dan 2) menjamin bahwa para karyawan dan bagian-bagian perusahaan telah melaksanakan prosedur dan rencana yang telah ditetapkan manajemen.

Dalam berbagai literatur akuntansi, pembidangan akuntansi sering disederhanakan menjadi dua kelompok yang disebut akuntansi keuangan dan akuntansi manajemen.
a. Akuntansi Keuangan
akuntansi yang bertujuan untuk menghasilkan laporan keuangan untuk kepentingan pihak luar.
b. Akuntansi manajemen
akuntansi yang bertujuan untuk menghasilkan informasi untuk kepentingan manajemen. Jenis informasi yang diperlukan dalam manajemen dalam banyak hal berbeda dengan informasi yang diperlukan pihak luar. Informasi yang diperlukan oleh pihak manajemen bersifat sangat mendalam dan diperlukan untuk pengambilan berbagai keputusan manajemen dan biasanya tidak dipublikasikan kepada umum.


Sabtu, 29 April 2017

Tugas 4 (Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2)

A.      Answer the following questions briefly
1.       What is accounting ?
Answer : (Accounting  is the proses of recording, classifying, analyzing, summarizing, reporting, and interpreting the financial information of an organization for use in decision making.)
2.       Who prepares financial statement?
Answer :  (Accountants )
3.       Is accounting the language of business?
Answer :  (Yes, it is )
4.       What does a balance sheet contain?
Answer : (balance sheet contain the financial position of the company of a particular date, such as asset, liability and equity)
5.       Who uses accounting data?
Answer : (managers, stockholders, bankers, investor, government)
6.       What are the differences between a bookkeepers and an accountant?
Answer : (accountants are decision makers, and responsible to developing systems to classify and summarize transactions and for interpreting financial statements, while bookkeepers are responsible for the systematic recording of a company’s financial transactions, also trained in mostly mechanical task of record keeping)
7.       Do bookkeepers and accountants have the same function?
Answer : (no, it  isn’t.  because accountants are decision makers, and bookkeepers are trained in mostly mechanical task of record keeping)
8.       How many financial statements are prepared by accountants ?
Answer : (there are three important statements prepared by accountants, but in the real standard, they have five)
9.       Is accounting the same as bookkeeping?
Answer : (no, it isn’t, bookkeeping is chiefly the clerical phase of accounting, while accounting covers a much wider scope)
10.   Are accountans responsible for the systematic recording of a company’s financial transactions?
Answer : (no, because it’s suitable for bookkeepers, and accountants responsible to developing systems to classify and summarize transactions and for interpreting financial statements)

A.      Choose the correct form of be ( am, is, are ) to fit the blanks
1.       (is) absent from class today.
2.       We (are) both students.
3.       The weather today (are) good.
4.       The sky () clear.
5.       Henry and John (are) brothers.
6.       The children (are) happy.
7.       She and I (are) cousins.
8.       Mina (is) a business woman.
9.       The police on the corner (is) busy with the traffic.
10.    The workers (are) very busy.

B.      Give the correct from the present tense for the verb in parentheses
1.       She ( reads ) the newspaper every day .
2.       We ( come ) to school by bus.
3.       Helen ( works ) very hard.
4.       The dog ( chases ) the cat all around the house.
5.       Gene generally ( sits ) at this desk.
6.       Pat  ( goes ) there twice a week.
7.       Herbert ( does ) the work of two people.
8.       George always (tries ) to do the same thing.
9.       The teacher ( wishes ) to speak to you.
10.     Mr. Walker ( teachs ) English and mathematics.
11.     We ( watch ) television every night.
12.     The sun ( rise ) in the east and (set ) in the west.
13.     The father ( watches ) the children in the park.
14.     She ( kisses ) her daughter before she ( leaves ) home.
15.     I often ( catch ) cold.
16.     Helen also (catchs ) cold very often.
17.     She ( does ) all the work.
18.     Marry ( carries ) the books in a briefcase every day.
19.     He ( likes ) studying accounting.
20.     The man ( has ) two new cars.
  
A.      Change the subjects of the sentences below to she and use the correct form of the verb
She starts work at 09.30 and leave at 17.3o. She has  an hour for lunch. She types for about one and a half hours every morning and about an hour in the afternoon.
She does the filing for about half an hour a day and spend the same amount of time taking shorthand. Making tea or coffee take about a quarter of an haour and she does it twice a day. She spends about an hour and a half on the phone.  The rest of the time she spends doing other thing such as talking to people opening the mail reading newspepaer etc.

A.      Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form.
James Smith ( is ) my name. I ( work ) in the main office of a big company. Twenty people ( work ) in that office every day. Mr. Steward ( is ) my boss. He ( works ) very hard. Almost everyone ( work ) hard. Of course a few people  ( doesn’t  work )hard.
Mr. Steward ( has ) a private office. He also ( has ) a secretary. Miss Green ( is ) his secretary. She (helps) Mr. Steward. She (dosen’t help) me . I ( don’t have ) a private office. But I (has ) my own secretary. My secretary ( is ) Mary Brown.
Mr. Steward ( meets ) all of important visitors. I ( don’t meet ) visitors. Miss Green ( dosen’t meet) visitors either. Mr. Steward ( talks) to visitors. I occasionally ( talk ) to visitors too. But I ( don’t usually talk) to visitors.
Mr. Steward ( writes) many letters every day. He ( sends ) many letters to customers. I ( sends ) letters to other companies. But I ( don’t send ) the letters to customers.
I often ( study ) statistics. Tahn I ( write ) reports to Mr. Steward. He ( studies ) the reports carefully. I ( get ) the statistics from my assistants. I ( have ) two assistants, Susan and Sandra. They ( help ) me very much. They ( don’t write ) letters. They ( collects ) information from other people . Then they ( gives ) the information to my secretary. She ( collects ) information from other people too. Then she ( gives ) the information to me.
My secretary ( doesn’t write ) reports. But she ( writes ) my letters for me. She also (opens) my mail. She (reads) the mail carefully. She ( gives ) me the important letters. She ( doesn’t give ) me the other. My secretary ( answers ) the other letters.

B.      Write do or does   in the blank space in each sentence.
1.       ( Do) The students study hard every day ?
2.       (Does )Mr. Brown go to his office every day ?
3.       ( Do )You want cream and sugar in your coffee ?
4.       ( Do )The children go to bed very early ?
5.       ( Does )That girl come from Dominica ?
6.       (Do )You know that German student ?
7.       (Does )Miss Green prefer coffee or tea ?
8.       ( Do) Your English lessons seem very difficult?
9.       ( Do )You have a good English dictionary ?
10.   ( Does )Mr. Howard teach English or Science ?
11.   ( Do )The Jhonsons watch televisions every night ?
12.   ( Do )Jhonsons and Brett work in the same office?
13.   (Does )Henny write reports for her boss every day ?
14.   (Do)Those two women understand that lesson ?
15.   (Does )An accountant prepare financial statement every month?

C.      Fill in the blanks with a/an or leave the space empty.
1.       Jim goes everywhere by bike. He hasn’t got (an) car.
2.       Ann was listening to (a) music when I arrived .
3.       We went to (a) very nice restaurant last weekend.
4.       I clean my teeth with (a) toothpaste.
5.       I use (a) toothbrush to clean my teeth.
6.       Can you tell me if there ‘s (a) bank near here?
7.       My brother works for (an) insurance company in London.
8.       I don’t like (a) violence.
9.       We need petrol . I hope we come to (a) petrol station soon.
10.   Liz doesn’t usually wear jewelry but yesterday she was wearing (a) necklace.

D.      Put in a/an, some, a little where necessary
1.       I’ve seen (a) some good films recently
2.       What’s wrong with you? Have you got (a) headache?
3.       I know a lot of people. Most of them are (a) students.
4.       When I was (a) child, I used to be very shy.
5.       Would you like to be (an) actor?
6.       Do you collect (a) stamps?
7.       What (a) beautiful garden
8.       (a) birds, for example the penguin, cannot fly.
9.       I’ve been walking for three hours. I’ve got (a) sore feet.
10.   I don’t feel very well this morning. I’ve got (a) some throat.
11.   Those are (a) Nice shoes. Where did you get them?
12.   I’m going shopping. I want to buy (a) new shoes.
13.   You need (a) visa to visit (a) countries.
14.   Jane is (a) teacher. Her parents were (a) teachers, too.
15.   Do you enjoy going to (a) concerts?
16.   When we got to the city center (a) shops were still open.
17.   I don’t believe him, he is (a) liar. He’s always telling (a) lies.
18.   He is (a) famous accountant in this city.
19.   Bring me paint and (a) good brush.
20.   Can you lend me (a) money. 

Minggu, 16 April 2017

Tugas Softkil ke 3 Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2



Answer the following questions
1.      In general terms, what is the purpose of accounting ? Accounting is record measures the activity of a business and reports on the effects of these transaction on the firm’s financial condition
2.      Who uses the data which is provided by accounting records ?Accounting records and reports provided data that are used by Management, stockholders, creditors, independent analyst, banks, and government
3.      What are the two types of records that are prepared by most business ? The Income Statement and Balance Sheet are the two types of records that are prepared by most business
4.      What can one learn by analyzing the income statement and balance sheet of a company ? By analyzing these records, one can determine whether or not the activities of the company have been good for it, also can identify how money was received and spent by company
5.      What is ratio analysis used for ? Ratio analysis, one major tool that used for the analysis of accounting records.


B.     Choose the correct word available to complete the following sentences
Record (N)                  Report (N)                   Profit (N)
Record (V)                  Report (V)                   Profit (V)

1.      Accounting is needed to record (V) all business transactions
2.      He keeps very neat report (N)
3.      Our firm’s current profit (N) are very high
4.      They record (V) from their association with the company
5.      Our profit (V) of accounts receivable show that $5.000 is owed to us
6.      The activity is record (V) on income statements and balance sheets
7.      Secretary had finished typing the report (N)before the manager arrived at the office
8.      How much does the company make profit (V) this year ?

C.      Complete the following words
1.      This is name for buildings machinery, money in the bank and money owned by customers Assets
2.      The loss of value of the things in number one (1) Depreciation
3.      Money which is borrowed Loan
4.      The extra money a company or person pays for borrowing money Interest
5.      The total sum of money which is supplied by the owners of a compay to set it up Capital
6.      Cash or goods which the owner takes from the company for his own private use Drawings
7.      These are bought by people wishing to invest in the company Shares
8.      The extra amount which is paid for a company above the value of its assets Goodwill
9.      The purchase of another company Acquisition
10.  An official examination of the accounts Audit
11.  A financial plan for the future Budget
12.  A statement of tthe financial position the company Balance sheet
13.  The official books for keeping accounts Ledgers
14.  A reduction in the price which is offered to customers Discount
15.  This company has supplied goods but has not received any money for them yet Creditor
16.  Goods which has the comapny has avaiable to sell Stock
17.  Customers who have received goods but not paid for them yet Debtors
18.  This is the name of the difference between the credit and debit side of a account Balance
19.  Companies make this when they sell their goods for more than it costs Profit
20.  Companies make this when they sell their goods for less than it costs Loss

Rabu, 29 Maret 2017

Tugas 2 (Softskill)

Lesson 2
Now, Often, Always
Breakfast or Lunch?
It was Sunday, I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time. Last Sunday I got up very late. I looked out of the window. It was dark outside. ‘What a day!’ I thought. It’s raining again.’ Just then, the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy. ‘I’ve just arrived by train,’ she said. ‘I’m coming to see you.’
‘But I’m still having breakfast,’ I said.
‘What are you doing?’ she asked.
‘I’m having breakfast,’ I repeated.
‘Dear me,’ she said. ‘Do you always get up so late? It’s one o’clock!’
Comprehension and Composition
A.     Answer these questions in not more than 50 words.
1.       Does the writer always get up early on Sundays, or does he always get up late ?Does’nt, He never get up early on Sundays.
2.       Did he get up early last Sunday, or did he get up late ?Last Sunday, He get up very late
3.       Who telephoned then ?His Aunt, Lucy
4.       Had she arrived by train, or had she come on foot ?She arrived by train
5.       Was she coming to see him or not ? yes, she coming to see him
6.       Did he say, ‘I’m still having breakfast’, or did he say, I’m still in bed’ ?His say “I’m still having breakfast”
7.       Was his aunt very surprised or not ?Yes, His aunt very surprised, because he always get up so late
8.       What was the time ?It’s one o’clock

Answer:
The writer never get up early on Sundays. But last Sunday, He get up very late. His Aunt, Lucy telepon that. She arrived by train. yes, she coming to see him. His say “I’m still having breakfast”. His aunt very surprised, because he always get up so late. What was the time It’s one o’clock

Now, Often, and Always
Study these statements and questions :
Now
These sentences are from the passage:
It’s raining.
I’m coming to see you.
I’m still having breakfast.
What are you doing ?

Here are some more sentences:
He is still sleeping.
We are enjoying our lunch.
I am reading in bed
Often and Always

I never get up early on Sunday.
I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time.
Do you always get up so late?



He rarely gets up before 10 o’clock.
We frequently have lunch at this restaurant.
Do you ever read in bed ?

Exercises
B.     Write out these paragraph. Give the right form of the words in brackets:
I am looking out of my window. I can see some children in the street.The children (playing) football. They always (playing) football in the street. They always (playing) football in the street. Now a little boy (kick) the ball. Another boy (runing) after him but he cannot catch him.
Note the position of the words in italics in these sentences ;
My friend never come to visit me.
I frequently go to bed hungry.
I rarely listen to the radio.
I always feel cold.
I never get up early on Sunday.
I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time.

C.       Write these sentences again. Put the words in brackets in the right place :
1.       She answers my letters. (rarely) :  She rarely answers my letters.
2.       We work after six o’clock. (never) : We never work after six o’clock.
3.       The shops close on Saturday afternoons. (always) : The shops always close on Saturday afternoons.
4.       Do you go to work by car ? (always) : Do you always  go to work by car?
5.       Our teacher collects our copybooks ? (frequently) : Our teacher frequently  collects our copybooks?
6.       We spend our holidays abroad. (sometimes) : We sometimes spend our holidays abroad.
7.       I buy gramophone records. (often) : I often buy gramophone records.
8.       Do you buy gramophone records. (ever) : Do you ever buy gramophone records.

Lesson 3
What happened ? (Past Tense)
What happened?
Read this short conversation. Pay close attention to the verbs in italics. Each of these verbs tells us what happened.
POLICEMAN    : Did you see the accident, sir?
MAN                                    : Yes, I did. The driver of that car hit that post over there.
POLICEMAN    : What happened?
MAN                                    : A dog ran across the road and the driver tried to avoid it. The car suddenly came towards me. It climbed on to the pavement and crashed into that post.
POLICEMAN    : What did you do?
MAN                                    : I ran across the street after the dog.
POLICEMAN    : Why did you do that? Were you afraid of the car?
MAN                                    : I wasn’t afraid of the car. I was afraid of the driver. The driver got out of the car and began shouting at me. He was very angry with me. You see, it was my dog.
Exercises
D.     Give the correct form of all the verbs in brackets. Each verb must tell us what happened :
Last summer, I (go) to Italy. I (visit) museums and (sit) in public gardens. A friendly waiter (teach) me a few words of Italian. Then he (lend) me a book. I (read) a few lines, but I (not understand) a word. Every day I (think) about postcards. My holiday (pass) quickly, but I (not send) any cards to my friends. On the last day, I (make) a big decision. I (get) up early and (buy) thirty-seven cards. I (spend) the whole day in my room, but I (not write) a single day!
Lesson 4
Simple Future Tense
I’ll see you tomorrow.
These sentences tell us about the future. Read them carefully. Note that the word shall is often used with I and We. Pay close attention to the words in italics :
I shallsee you tomorrow. I’ll see you at 3 o’clock.
We shall travel by air. We’ll be at the airport tomorrow morning.
George will be here this evening. He’ll come by train.
Alice will meet him at the station. She’ll be there at 5 o’clock.
The train will arrive at 4.55. It’ll be here soon.
You will miss the train. You’ll be late.
They will come here on foot. They’ll walk from the station.
Exercises
E.      Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Change the verbs in bracket so that they tell us what will happen.
Our neighbour, Captain Charles Alison, (sail) from Potsmouth tomorrow. We (meet) him at the harbour early in the morning. He (be) in his small boat, Topsail. Topsail is a famous little boat. It has sailed across the Atlantic many times. Captain Alison (set out) at eight o’clock, so we (have) plenty of time. We (see) his boat and then we (say) goodbye to him. He (be) away for two months. We are very proud of him. He (take part) in an important race across the Atlantic.
F.      In the paragraph below, the verbs in italics tell us what happened. Write the passage again. Change the verbs in italics so that they tell us what will happen.
I went to the theatre with my friend Reg. Reg and I saw the first performance of a play called ‘The End of the Road’. After the play, the producer gave a short speech. He spoke to the audience about the play. The play was very successful and I think a great many people enjoyed it very much.
Answer:
I went to the theatre with my friend Reg. Reg and I saw the first performance of a play called ‘The End of the Road’. After the play, the producer gave a short speech. He spoke to the audience about the play. The play was very successful and I think a great many people enjoy it very much.
G.     Put in shall or will :
1.       The plane (will) arrive in two hours’ time.
2.       I (shall) wait here until he comes.
3.       When (shall) we see you again ?
4.       I (shall) send you a telegram fro Nassau.
5.       My secretary (will) write to you shortly.